The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials for Getting Started: 30 Python's Built-In Data Types - object Root Classes
Abstracts:
In Python, all classes inherit directly or indirectly from a root class, which is Object. The Object class is the base class for all newer classes in Python, and in Python's class hierarchy, the Object class is the ultimate base class for all classes.
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You're learning embedded and you don't know how to be object oriented?
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Web for Getting Started: 00 Introduction to Object-Oriented Design Methods
The network's most suitable for the introduction of object-oriented programming tutorials: 01 Basic Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials for Getting Started on the Web: 02 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Creating Classes with Python
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials for Getting Started on the Web: 03 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Adding Attributes to Custom Classes
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorial on the Net for Getting Started: 04 Python Implementation of Classes and Objects - Adding Methods to Custom Classes
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorial on the Net for Getting Started: 05 Python Implementation of Classes and Objects - PyCharm Code Tags
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the net for getting started: 06 Python implementation of classes and objects - data encapsulation of custom classes
The best object-oriented programming tutorial on the net for getting started: 07 Python implementation of classes and objects - type annotations
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the net for getting started: 08 Python implementations of classes and objects - @property decorator
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the net for getting started: 09 Python implementation of classes and objects - the relationship between classes
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 10 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Class Inheritance and Richter's Replacement Principle
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the net for getting started: 11 Python implementation of classes and objects - subclasses call parent class methods
The network's most suitable for the introduction of object-oriented programming tutorials: 12 classes and objects of the Python implementation - Python using the logging module to output the program running logs
The network's most suitable for the introduction of object-oriented programming tutorials: 13 classes and objects of the Python implementation - visual reading code artifacts Sourcetrail's installation use
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Web for Getting Started: The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Web for Getting Started: 14 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Static Methods and Class Methods for Classes
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 15 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - __slots__ Magic Methods
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 16 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Polymorphism, Method Overriding, and the Principle of Open-Close
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials for Getting Started on the Web: 17 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Duck Types and "file-like objects"
The network's most suitable for the introduction of object-oriented programming tutorials: 18 classes and objects Python implementation - multiple inheritance and PyQtGraph serial data plotting graphs
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Web for Getting Started: 19 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Using PyCharm to Automatically Generate File Annotations and Function Annotations
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the web for getting started: 20 Python implementation of classes and objects - Combinatorial relationship implementation and CSV file saving
The best introductory object-oriented programming tutorials on the net: 21 Python implementation of classes and objects - Organization of multiple files: modulemodule and packagepackage
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 22 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Exceptions and Syntax Errors
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 23 Python Implementation of Classes and Objects - Throwing Exceptions
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Web for Getting Started: 24 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Exception Catching and Handling
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the web for getting started: 25 Python implementation of classes and objects - Python to determine the type of input data
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 26 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Context Managers and with Statements
The best introductory object-oriented programming tutorials on the web: 27 Python implementation of classes and objects - Exception hierarchy and custom exception class implementation in Python
The best object-oriented programming tutorials on the net for getting started: 28 Python implementations of classes and objects - Python programming principles, philosophies and norms in a big summary
The Best Object-Oriented Programming Tutorials on the Net for Getting Started: 29 Python Implementations of Classes and Objects - Assertions and Defensive Programming and Use of the help Function
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Documentation and code acquisition:
The following link can be accessed to download the document:
/leezisheng/Doc
This document mainly introduces how to use Python for object-oriented programming, which requires readers to have a basic understanding of Python syntax and microcontroller development. Compared with other blogs or books that explain Python object-oriented programming, this document is more detailed and focuses on embedded host computer applications, with common serial port data sending and receiving, data processing, and dynamic graph drawing as application examples for the host computer and the lower computer, and using Sourcetrail code software to visualize and read the code for readers' easy understanding.
The link to get the relevant sample code is below:/leezisheng/Python-OOP-Demo
main body (of a book)
Commonly used built-in types in Python include numbers, sequences, maps, classes, instances, and exceptions. Built-in datatypes are the basic datatypes predefined in Python, including strings, lists, tuples, and dictionaries.
For Python, all data types inherit from the object class, which is defined as follows:
class object
| The base class of the class hierarchy.
|
| When called, it accepts no arguments and returns a new featureless
| instance that has no instance attributes and cannot be given any.
|
| Built-in subclasses:
| anext_awaitable
| async_generator
| async_generator_asend
| async_generator_athrow
| ... and 90 other subclasses
|
| Methods defined here:
|
| __delattr__(self, name, /)
| Implement delattr(self, name).
|
| __dir__(self, /)
| Default dir() implementation.
|
| __eq__(self, value, /)
| Return self==value.
|
| __format__(self, format_spec, /)
| Default object formatter.
|
| Return str(self) if format_spec is empty. Raise TypeError otherwise.
|
| __ge__(self, value, /)
| Return self>=value.
|
| __getattribute__(self, name, /)
| Return getattr(self, name).
|
|
| __getstate__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __gt__(self, value, /)
| Return self>value.
|
| __hash__(self, /)
| Return hash(self).
|
| __init__(self, /, *args, **kwargs)
| Initialize self. See help(type(self)) for accurate signature.
|
| __le__(self, value, /)
| Return self<=value.
|
| __lt__(self, value, /)
| Return self<value.
|
| __ne__(self, value, /)
| Return self!=value.
|
| __reduce__(self, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __reduce_ex__(self, protocol, /)
| Helper for pickle.
|
| __repr__(self, /)
| Return repr(self).
|
| __setattr__(self, name, value, /)
| Implement setattr(self, name, value).
|
| __sizeof__(self, /)
| Size of object in memory, in bytes.
|
| __str__(self, /)
| Return str(self).
|
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| Class methods defined here:
|
| __init_subclass__(...) from
| This method is called when a class is subclassed.
|
| The default implementation does nothing. It may be
| overridden to extend subclasses.
|
| __subclasshook__(...) from
| Abstract classes can override this to customize issubclass().
|
| This is invoked early on by .__subclasscheck__().
| It should return True, False or NotImplemented. If it returns
| NotImplemented, the normal algorithm is used. Otherwise, it
| overrides the normal algorithm (and the outcome is cached).
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Static methods defined here:
|
| __new__(*args, **kwargs) from
| Create and return a new object. See help(type) for accurate signature.
|
| ----------------------------------------------------------------------
| Data and other attributes defined here:
|
| __class__ = <class 'type'>
| type(object) -> the object's type
| type(name, bases, dict, **kwds) -> a new type
Simply put, object is the base class for all classes in Python. It's a built-in root class from which all other classes implicitly or explicitly inherit. If a class does not explicitly define an inherited base class in its definition, it inherits object by default.mro attribute records the relationship of class inheritance, which is a tuple type, and it is clear from the result that Employee inherits from the object base class.
class Employee():
pass
_# equivalence_
class Employee(object):
pass
_# Printing Class Inheritance Relationships_
print(Employee.__mro__)
The object class provides common methods and properties for all objects, typical methods are as follows:
| typology | name (of a thing) | corresponds English -ity, -ism, -ization |
|---|---|---|
| constructor | init | The constructor of the object class, while not particularly useful, requires a call to super() when defining your own constructor in a subclass.init() to ensure that the initialization of the object class is performed. |
| string representation | str | The object class defines a method for returning a string representation of an object. This method can be overridden in subclasses to customize the string representation of an object. |
| Property Access Methods | getattr setattr delattr | These methods allow custom behavior to be inserted when an attribute is accessed or set. __getattr__ is called when the attribute does not exist.delattrThese are used in del statements to remove an attribute of a class or object. They allow us to try to access any object we are not familiar with without causing a program error. |
| Object comparison methods | eq \ ne | These methods are used to define equality and inequality between objects. By default, they compare the identities of objects, but can be customized in subclasses. |
| hash method | hash | Used to define the hash value of an object, usually associated with data structures such as dictionaries and collections. |
| boolean method | bool | Defines a boolean value for an object, usually used in conditional statements. |
| helper class method | dir \ doc | dir() method for all attribute and method names of the class, which is a dictionary that is called by the built-in function dir(). doc attribute points to the description string of the current class. The description string is the first unassigned string placed in the class definition, and it is not inherited. |
Instead of creating a subclass, we can instantiate object:
o = object()
= 5
What's going on and why is it giving me an error? It turns out that a directly instantiated object cannot set any properties. Because of the need to save memory, thePython prohibits adding arbitrary attributes to object and several other built-in types by default.The object class serves as the root class for all classes in Python, and its role is to provide the basis for the creation and use of other classes.
In fact, instances of classes can also act as parent/base classes.Next, we will help you deepen your understanding of the relationship between classes, objects, and instances by elaborating on the relationship between the object class and the Type type.
