The Dreyfus model: novice to expert
The Dreyfus model (Dreyfus model) is a model of skill acquisition co-proposed by the Dreyfus brothers in 1980.
It is a ladder model of skill acquisition and can also be used to examine the grading of skilled tradespeople. The model is divided from top to bottom:Expert, Proficient, Competent, Advanced Novice, NoviceThere are five levels, and the higher up you go, the smaller the percentage of people.
- newbie: Needs instructions to work, needs help from others
- Advanced Novice: Can do most of the work, solve most of the problems, and have a localized big picture mindset
- competent person: Ability to solve problems independently and consciously plan to standardize processes
- adept: Grasp the whole picture, not only solving problems, but also identifying them and guiding others, with a high degree of initiative
- master:: Experienced, not just relying on rules and principles, but grasping situations and solving problems based on deep, subtle intuition, and seeing visions of what is possible in the future.
The five classes of engineers
Below is an engineer hierarchy chart from an article in Wu Jun's Silicon Valley letter, where he categorizes engineers into five classes:
- first level: Starting an Industry
- second level: Designing and realizing products that no one else can do
- third level: Independently designing and realizing products that are successful in the marketplace
- fourth level: Ability to mentor and lead others in accomplishing impactful work together
- fifth level: Ability to solve problems and complete engineering work independently
This systematic division of five levels of engineers was inspired by the famous Soviet physicist Landau, who divided physicists into five levels, with the first level being the highest and the fifth the lowest. Contributions and capabilities differed by tens of times between each level.
In the first level, Landau lists more than a dozen of the world's masters of physics at the time, including Pohl, Dirac, and others.
The number of people in the second level is also very small, only a few dozen in the world if you count at that time.
Landau initially listed himself as only a 2.5, and after winning the Nobel Prize, upgraded himself to a 1.5.
Of all the divisions of physicists, Landau at that time also gave a one-of-a-kind grading:Ground Zero Master - Einstein.
From the above 5 levels of division, the fifth level is to be able to solve problems independently to complete the project work, which is a bit high for most people who have just entered the workplace, at this time you may need to be guided by others to complete a task. So there should be a sixth level below, to complete a task under the guidance of others.
The letter from Silicon Valley outlines three contributions of Landau's life:
- First, as a physical scientist, he won the Nobel Prize for inventing the Landau transform. (pioneered a physical theory)
- Secondly, as an educator, he created an advanced exercise in theoretical physics called "Landau's Fortress", which is actually a series of increasingly difficult physics exercises. It's kind of like a game of pass-the-facts, where the more you get through the later exercises, the more advanced you get in the theory of physics. (Physics Education Methods)
- Third, he proposed a method of dividing physicists according to their level and contribution, known as the hierarchy of physicists.
consultation
- Dreyfus Model -/wiki/Dreyfus Models