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Database physical backup: key strategies for ensuring data integrity and business continuity

Popularity：772 ℃/2025-01-29 00:29:32

Title: Database physical backup: Key strategies for ensuring data integrity and business continuity
date: 2025/1/29
updated: 2025/1/29
author: cmdragon

excerpt:
In modern enterprises, data is regarded as one of the most important assets. Therefore, ensuring the security, integrity and availability of data is the primary task of each database administrator (DBA). In the process of data management, backup and recovery are essential strategies, especially physical backup. Physical backups through the physical files of directly copy the database to achieve lasting protection of data. Compared with logical backup, physical backup has obvious advantages in recovery speed and integrity, especially in environments with high and large data volume.

categories:

  • Front -end development

tags:

  • Physical backup
  • Database safety
  • Data recovery
  • PostgreSQL
  • Backup strategy
  • Data integrity
  • DBA best practice

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Database physical backup is an important means to ensure data security and business continuity. Especially in large -scale data environment and high availability architecture, the demand for physical backup is becoming more significant. Physical backup is different from logical backup. It is mainly implemented by directly copying the actual file and data structure of the database. This method is often better than logical backup in terms of recovery speed, integrity and consistency.

1. Introduction

In modern enterprises, data is regarded as one of the most important assets. Therefore, ensuring the security, integrity and availability of data is the primary task of each database administrator (DBA). In the process of data management, backup and recovery are essential strategies, especially physical backup. Physical backups through the physical files of directly copy the database to achieve lasting protection of data. Compared with logical backup, physical backup has obvious advantages in recovery speed and integrity, especially in environments with high and large data volume.

2. The concept and principle of physical backup

2.1 The difference between physical backup and logical backup

Physical backup and logical backup are two main database backup methods. Each method has its unique advantages and disadvantages:

  • Physical backup: Database files involved in direct database files, including data files, log files, and configuration files. Its recovery speed is fast and can maintain the consistency of the database, so it is usually suitable for scenes that need to recover data quickly.
  • Logic backup: Logical snapshot of data generated by the tools provided by the database management system (such as SQL) generate data. Although logical backup data is highly readable, the recovery process is relatively slow, because the SQL statement is required to be executed and the structure is needed.

2.2 Principles of physical backup

Physical backup is relatively simple in operation, usually including the following steps:

  1. Stop backup: Before the backup, you can choose to place the database in read only to avoid data changes.
  2. File copy: Copy directly to the data file, log file and related configuration files of the database to the backup location. For postgresql, this usually involvespg_dataThe file in the directory.
  3. Increment and full amount backup: You can choose a full -scale backup (completely copy all data) or incremental backup (only copy data that changed since the last backup).
  4. Backup verification: After the backup is completed, the completeness of the backup file should be verified to ensure that the data can be recovered successfully when needed.

3. Advantages and challenges of physical backup

3.1 advantages of physical backup

  • Quickly recover: Physical backup through direct database files, the recovery speed is fast, and complex SQL statements are usually not required. This is very important for scenarios that need to recover data (such as system crash or data loss).
  • Integrity: Physical backups ensure the consistency of the data, including all data, indexes and configuration files, which are suitable for restoring the database status in a complete recovery of the database.
  • Low resource consumption: Compared with logic backup, the load of physical backup on the database is low, and it is suitable for long -term backup requirements with large amounts of data.

3.2 Challenge of physical backup

  • Restriction environment restriction: When performing physical backups in high loads or high -combined hair environments, it may be necessary to stop to ensure data consistency, so the backup window must be carefully arranged.
  • Storage demand: Physical backup usually requires a large amount of storage space to save the database file, so you need to reasonably allocate storage resources when planning a backup strategy.
  • Recovery complexity: Although the recovery speed is fast, when the physical backup is required to restore the physical backup to different environments or different versions, data compatibility may be faced.

4. Implementation strategy of physical backup

4.1 Backup frequency and plan

Formulate a reasonable backup frequency and plan according to business needs:

  • Full backup: A full amount of backup can be performed regularly (such as weekly or monthly) to ensure that all data can be protected.
  • Incremental backup: On the basis of full -amount backup, incremental backups are performed every day or every hour to reduce the time and storage resources required for backup.

4.2 Backup Storage Management

Select the right storage scheme to save the backup file:

  • Local backup: Staying files locally to recover quickly.
  • Remote backup: Store backup files in a cloud or remote server to prevent data loss caused by local faults.

4.3 Automation tools and scripts

Use automation tools and scripts to simplify the backup process:

  • Backup script: Write the automated backup script, schedule the execution of the backup task, and regularly backup and automatically verify the integrity of the backup file.
  • Monitoring and alarm: Use the monitoring tool to track the backup status, find out the backup failure or other problems in time, and report to the police.

5. physical backup implementation in postgreSQL

PostgreSQL provides a variety of methods to achieve physical backup, the key methods include:

5.1 Use the file system to backup

Data files of postgreSQL database are usually stored inpg_dataIn the directory, when the physical backup is performed, you can directly copy these files by the following steps:

  1. Stop postgreSQL service：
    sudo systemctl stop postgresql
  2. Copy the data file：
    cp -r /var/lib/postgresql/12/main /backup/backup-main
  3. Restart the postgreSQL service：
    sudo systemctl start postgresql

5.2 Use PG_BASEBACKUP

pg_basebackupIt is a command line tool for creating physical backups provided by PostgreSQL. By executing the following commands, physical backup can be achieved:

pg_basebackup -U username -D /backup/backup-main -F tar -X fetch -P --wallet
  • -DSpecify the backup directory
  • -F tarSpecify the backup format as tar file
  • -X fetchExtract WAL file

6. Backup and recovery exercise

Regularly implement backup and restoration drills to verify the effectiveness and high availability of the backup strategy:

  • Exercise recovery process: Formulate recovery process documents to ensure that all relevant personnel are familiar with the steps of recovery. You can use a virtual machine or separated test environment for exercise.
  • Restore test: In the test environment, simulate the real fault scene, and restore backup to verify the integrity of the data and the effectiveness of recovery.

7. Common problems and failure exclusion

When implementing physical backup, some common problems may be encountered. The following common faults and their treatment methods may be enumerated:

7.1 The backup file cannot be accessed

During the backup process, ensure that the backup directory has appropriate access rights. If you encounter permissions during backup, you need to adjust the authority settings of the file system.

7.2 Backup file damage

After the backup is completed, it can be usedmd5sumorsha256sumWuling the completeness of the backup file, such as:

md5sum /backup/

7.3 Insufficient disk space

In the process of backup, ensure that the target storage has sufficient disk space. If the storage space is insufficient, you can consider to release the space by cleaning up the expired backup or transferred backup files to the external storage.

8. Analysis of actual cases

When an enterprise faces the risk of data loss when the database migration, it is decided to use physical backup as a data security measure. The following is the basic step of implementation plan:

  1. Comprehensive backup:usepg_basebackupCreate a full quantity backup:
    pg_basebackup -U dbuser -D /backups/full_backup -F tar -P
  2. Regular incremental backup: Daily incremental backup to save the latest data:
    pg_basebackup -U dbuser -D /backups/incremental_backup -F tar -X fetch --incremental
  3. Verification and recovery: Regularly verify the effectiveness of the backup file and formulate a recovery plan to ensure that the database can be quickly and effectively restored when there is a problem.

9. Outlook

With the continuous growth of data and the development of cloud technology, physical backup solutions are also evolving. In the future, more intelligent backup and recovery technology will be added, and artificial intelligence and machine learning will be used to predict the trend of data change, so as to dynamically adjust the backup strategy and achieve more flexible and efficient data management. At the same time, the widespread application of containerization technology also provides new ideas for the physical backup of databases, and achieves more convenient backup and recovery process through containerization.

10. Summary

Physical backup is a key technology in database management. By copying the physical files of the database directly, the data can be quickly and effectively restored when the data disaster occurs. To understand the working principles, implementation strategies and application scenarios of physical backup, it is crucial to each DBA. Through reasonable backup plans, effective storage management, regular verification tests, and real -time failure exclusion can not only improve the efficiency and security of backup recovery, but also help enterprises maintain the continuity of business when facing data risks.

Reference

  1. PostgreSQL Documentation: /docs/current/
  2. Bruce Momjian, "PostgreSQL: Introduction and Concepts."
  3. Elmasri, R., & Navathe, S. B. (2015). "Fundamentals of Database Systems."
  4. Date, C. J. (2004). "Database System: The Complete Book."
  5. Korth, H. F., & Silberschatz, A. (2011). "Database System Concepts."
  6. "PostgreSQL Administration Cookbook" - Simon Riggs & Gianni Ciolli.

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